20 孔子简介英文？ConfuciusConfucius#28Chinese：孔夫子；pinyin:KǒngFūzǐ；Wade-Giles:K#30"ung-fu-tzu#29，lit.“MasterKung，”
20 孔子简介英文？
ConfuciusConfucius#28Chinese：孔夫(繁：伕)子(zi)；pinyin:KǒngFūzǐ；Wade-Giles:K#30"ung-fu-tzu#29，lit.“MasterKung，”September28，551BC-479BC#29wasaChinesethinkerandsocialphilosopher，whoseteachingsandphilosophyhavedeeplyinfluencedChinese，Korean，Japanese，andVietnamesethoughtandlife.
Hisphilosophyemphasizedpersonalandgovernmentalmorality，correctnessofsocialrelationships，justiceandsincerity.ThesevaluesgainedprominenceinChinaoverotherdoctrines，suchasLegalism#28法家#29orTaoism#28道{pinyin：dào}家（繁体：傢）#29duringtheHanDynasty#28206BC–220AD#29.Confucius#30"thoughtshavebeendevelopedintoasystemofphilosophyknownasConfucianism#28儒家《繁体：傢》#29.ItwasintroducedtoEuropebytheJesuitMatteoRicci，whowasthefirsttoLatinisethenameas“Confucius.”
HisteachingsmaybefoundintheAnalectsofConfucius#28论语（繁体：語）#29，acollectionof“briefaphoristicfragments”，whichwascompiledmanyyearsafterhisdeath.ModernhistoriansdonotbelievethatanyspecificdocumentscanbesaidtohavebeenwrittenbyConfucius，butfornearly2，000yearshewasthoughttobetheeditororauthorofalltheFiveClassicssuchastheClassicofRites#28editor#29，andtheSpringandAutumnAnnals#28春(pinyin：chūn)秋【繁体：鞦】#29#28author#29.
TheAnalectsofConfucius论语
IntheAnalects，Confuciuspresentshimselfasa“transmitterwhoinventednothing”.Heputthegreatestemphasisontheimportanceofstudy，anditistheChinesecharacterforstudy#28orlearning#29thatopensthetext.Inthisrespect，heisseenbyChinesepeopleastheGreatestMaster.Farfromtryingtobuildasystematictheoryoflifeandsocietyorestablishaformalismofrites，hewantedhisdisciplestothinkdeeplyforthemselvesandrelentlesslystudytheoutsideworld，mostlythroughtheoldscripturesandbyrelatingthemoralproblemsofthepresenttopastpoliticalevents#28liketheAnnals#29orpastexpressionsoffeelingsbycommonpeopleandreflectivemembersoftheelite#28preservedinthepoemsoftheBookofOdes#29.
I澳门博彩ntimesofdivision，chaos，andendlesswarsbetweenfeudalstates，hewantedtorestoretheMandateofHeaven“天命”thatcouldunifythe“world”#28i.e.China#29andbestowpeaceandprosperityonthepeople.Becausehisvisionofpersonalandsocialperfectionswasframedasarevivaloftheorderedsocietyofearliertimes。Confuciusisoftenconsideredagreatproponentofconservatism。butacloserlookatwhatheproposesoftenshowsthatheused#28andperhapstwisted#29pastinstitutionsandritestopushanewpoliticalagendaofhisown:arevivalofaunifiedroyalstate，whoserulerswouldsucceedtopoweronthebasisoftheirmoralmerit，nottheirparentage；thesewouldberulersdevotedtotheirpeople，reachingforpersonalandsocialperfection.Sucharulerwouldspreadhisownvirtuestothepeopleinsteadofimposingproperbehaviorwithlawsandrules.
OneofthedeepestteachingsofConfuciusmayhavebeenthesuperiorityofpersonalexemplificationoverexplicitrulesofbehavior.Becausehismoralteachingsemphasiseself-cultivation，emulationofmoralexemplars，andtheattainmentofskilledjudgmentratherthanknowledgeofrules，Confucius#30"sethicsmaybeconsideredatypeofvirtueethics.Histeachingsrarelyrelyonreasonedargument，andethicalidealsandmethodsareconveyedmoreindirectly，throughallusions，innuendo，andeventautology.Thisiswhyhisteachingsneedtobeexaminedandputintopropercontextinordertobeunderstood.Agoodexampleisfoundinthisfamousanecdote:
厩焚。子退朝，曰：“伤人{rén}乎？”不问马。
Whenthestableswereburntdown，onreturningfromcourt，Confuciussaid，“Wasanyonehurt?”Hedidnotaskaboutthehorses.
PerhapshismostfamousteachingwastheGoldenRulestatedinthenegativeform，oftencalledthesilverrule:
子贡问曰、有一言、而可以终身行之者乎。子曰、其恕乎、己《读：jǐ》所不欲、勿施（shī）於人。
TheMasterreplied:“Howabout#30"shu#30":neverimposeonotherswhatyouwouldnotchooseforyourself？”
Confucius#30"steachingswerelaterturnedintoaveryelaboratesetofrulesandpracticesbyhisnumerousdisciplesandfollowerswhoorganisedhisteachingsintotheAnalects.Inthecenturiesafterhisdeath，MenciusandXunZibothcomposedimportantteachingselaboratingindifferentwaysonthefundamentalideasassociatedwithConfucius.Intime，thesewritings，togetherwiththeAnalectsandothercoretextscametoconstitutethephilosophicalcorpusknownintheWestasConfucianism.Aftermorethanathousandyears，thescholarZhuXicreatedaverydifferentinterpretationofConfucianismwhichisnowcalledNeo-Confucianism，todistinguishitfromtheideasexpressedintheAnalects.Neo-ConfucianismheldswayinChinaandVietnamuntilthe1800s.
以上，希望对你有所【读：suǒ】帮助。
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