20 孔子简介英文？ConfuciusConfucius#28Chinese：孔夫子；pinyin:KǒngFūzǐ；Wade-Giles:K#30"ung-fu-tzu#29，lit.“MasterKung，”
20 孔子简介英文？
Confucius
Confucius#28Chinese：孔kǒng 夫[繁体：伕]子[zi]；pinyin:KǒngFūzǐ；Wade-Giles:K#30"ung-fu-tzu#29，lit.“MasterKung，”September28，551BC-479BC#29wasaChinesethinkerandsocialphilosopher，whoseteachingsandphilosophyhavedeeplyinfluencedChinese，Korean，Japanese，andVietnamesethoughtandlife.
Hisphilosophyemphasizedpersonalandgovernmentalmorality，correctnessofsocialrelationships，justiceandsincerity.ThesevaluesgainedprominenceinChinaoverotherdoctrines，suchasLegalism#28法{拼音：fǎ}家(繁体：傢)#29orTaoism#28道家#29duringtheHanDynasty#28206BC–220AD#29.Confucius#30"thoughtshavebeendevelopedintoasystemofphilosophyknownasConfucianism#28儒家#29.ItwasintroducedtoEuropebytheJesuitMatteoRicci，whowasthefirsttoLatinisethenameas“Confucius.”
HisteachingsmaybefoundintheAnalectsofConfucius#28论[拼音：lùn]语《繁：語》#29，acollectionof“briefaphoristicfragments”，whichwascompiledmanyyearsafterhisdeath.ModernhistoriansdonotbelievethatanyspecificdocumentscanbesaidtohavebeenwrittenbyConfucius，butfornearly2，000yearshewasthoughttobetheeditororauthorofalltheFiveClassicssuchastheClassicofRites#28editor#29，andtheSpringandAutumnAnnals#28春《读：chūn》秋#29#28author#29.
T澳门威尼斯人heAnalectsofConfucius论[繁：論]语
IntheAnalects，Confuciuspresentshimselfasa“transmitterwhoinventednothing”.Heputthegreatestemphasisontheimportanceofstudy，anditistheChinesecharacterforstudy#28orlearning#29thatopensthetext.Inthisrespect，heisseenbyChinesepeopleastheGreatestMaster.Farfromtryingtobuildasystematictheoryoflifeandsocietyorestablishaformalismofrites，hewantedhisdisciplestothinkdeeplyforthemselvesandrelentlesslystudytheoutsideworld，mostlythroughtheoldscripturesandbyrelatingthemoralproblemsofthepresenttopastpoliticalevents#28liketheAnnals#29orpastexpressionsoffeelingsbycommonpeopleandreflectivemembersoftheelite#28preservedinthepoemsoftheBookofOdes#29.
I澳门新葡京ntimesofdivision，chaos，andendlesswarsbetweenfeudalstates，hewantedtorestoretheMandateofHeaven“天命”thatcouldunifythe“world”#28i.e.China#29andbestowpeaceandprosperityonthepeople.Becausehisvisionofpersonalandsocialperfectionswasframedasarevivaloftheorderedsocietyofearliertimes。Confuciusisoftenconsideredagreatproponentofconservatism。butacloserlookatwhatheproposesoftenshowsthatheused#28andperhapstwisted#29pastinstitutionsandritestopushanewpoliticalagendaofhisown:arevivalofaunifiedroyalstate，whoserulerswouldsucceedtopoweronthebasisoftheirmoralmerit，nottheirparentage；thesewouldberulersdevotedtotheirpeople，reachingforpersonalandsocialperfection.Sucharulerwouldspreadhisownvirtuestothepeopleinsteadofimposingproperbehaviorwithlawsandrules.
OneofthedeepestteachingsofConfuciusmayhavebeenthesuperiorityofpersonalexemplificationoverexplicitrulesofbehavior.Becausehismoralteachingsemphasiseself-cultivation，emulationofmoralexemplars，andtheattainmentofskilledjudgmentratherthanknowledgeofrules，Confucius#30"sethicsmaybeconsideredatypeofvirtueethics.Histeachingsrarelyrelyonreasonedargument，andethicalidealsandmethodsareconveyedmoreindirectly，throughallusions，innuendo，andeventautology.Thisiswhyhisteachingsneedtobeexaminedandputintopropercontextinordertobeunderstood.Agoodexampleisfoundinthisfamousanecdote:
厩[繁体：廄]焚。子退朝，曰：“伤人乎？”不问马。
Thepassageconveysthelessonthatbynotaskingaboutthehorses，ConfuciusdemonstratedthatasagevalueshumanbeingsoverpropertyreadersofthislessonareledtoreflectonwhethertheirresponsewouldfollowConfucius#30"s，andtopursueethicalself-improvementifitwouldnot.Confucius，anexemplarofhumanexcellence，servesastheultimatemodel，ratherthanadeityorauniversallytruesetofabstractprinciples.Forthesereasons，accordingtomanyEasternandWesterncommentators，Confucius#30"steachingmaybeconsideredaChineseexampleofhumanism.
PerhapshismostfamousteachingwastheGoldenRulestatedinthenegativeform，oftencalledthesilverrule:
子贡[gòng]问曰、有一言、而可以终【繁体：終】身行之者乎。子曰、其恕乎、己所不欲、勿施於人。
AdeptKungasked:“Isthereanyonewordthatcouldguideapersonthroughoutlife？”
TheMasterreplied:“Howabout#30"shu#30":neverimposeonotherswhatyouwouldnotchooseforyourself？”
AnalectsXV.24，tr.DavidHinton
以上[练：shàng]，希望对你有所帮助。
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